Which option most closely relates to a surfeit of something?

A surfeit of something refers to an excessive amount or an overabundance. Therefore, the correct choice is related to the concept of having too much of something rather than too little.

In this context, "excess" aligns perfectly with the definition of surfeit, highlighting the idea of an abundance that exceeds what is necessary or desirable. For instance, in various contexts, one can have a surfeit of food, leading to waste or health issues due to overeating. The term encapsulates the notion of an overflow or surplus, making it the most appropriate choice.

The other options connote a lack or a small quantity, which fundamentally contrasts with the meaning of surfeit. Scarcity, deficiency, and paucity all imply a shortage or insufficient amount, which is the opposite of what is suggested by a surfeit. Thus, surplus and excess are essential to understanding this terminology.